Grade 2 computer tech course 2020-01 final revision updated

GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1 GRADE II COMPUTER TECHNICIAN COURSE REVISED Table of Contents COURSE OVERVIEW (INTRODUCTION)............................................................................... 11 COMPUTER HARDWARE SECTION....................................................................................... 12 Inside a Hard Drive...................................................................................................................... 15 Computer Hard Drives Speed, RPM And Cache Memory ........................................................... 15 ATA And SATA Hard Drive Interface......................................................................................... 16 Data Storage Capacity................................................................................................................... 16 Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives (RAID) RAID .............................................................. 16 RAID Level 0................................................................................................................................ 16 RAID Level 1................................................................................................................................ 17 RAID Level 5................................................................................................................................ 17 Solid State Drive Technologies .................................................................................................... 17 Types of Solid-State Drives.......................................................................................................... 18 M.2 SSD........................................................................................................................................ 19 M.2 NVME Drives........................................................................................................................ 19 External Optical Drives................................................................................................................. 22 External Hard Drives .................................................................................................................... 23 Hot-Swappable devices................................................................................................................. 24 Non-Hot- Swappable devices ....................................................................................................... 24 MOTHERBOARDS, Form Factors and Chipsets ........................................................................ 24 What are Motherboards?............................................................................................................... 24 Full AT motherboard .................................................................................................................... 25 BABY AT MOTHERBOARD (MICRO ATX) ........................................................................... 26 MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTORS ........................................................................................ 27 Diagram of a modern Laptop motherboard .......................................................................... 28 Diagram of a modern PC motherboard................................................................................. 29 CHIPSETS .................................................................................................................................... 30 BIOS/CMOS/Firmware ........................................................................................................ 32 The Power On Self Test (POST) .......................................................................................... 32 INPUT / OUTPUT (I/O INTERFACES)...................................................................................... 34GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2 USB 1.1................................................................................................................................. 34 USB 2.................................................................................................................................... 35 Standard: USB 3 ................................................................................................................... 36 USB C................................................................................................................................... 36 Standard: VGA...................................................................................................................... 37 HDMI.................................................................................................................................... 37 Displayport............................................................................................................................ 38 Networking: .......................................................................................................................... 38 MEMORY..................................................................................................................................... 41 RAM MODULES ................................................................................................................. 41 Computer memory requirements: ......................................................................................... 46 What do you use your computer for?.................................................................................... 47 PROCESSOR SOCKETS............................................................................................................. 51 CPU Socket - What is it? ...................................................................................................... 51 Expansion Busses.......................................................................................................................... 61 SATA.................................................................................................................................... 62 POWER SUPPLIES...................................................................................................................... 64 THE Central Processing Unit (CPU).................................................................................... 67 Some Technologies used in CPUs........................................................................................ 67 Multi-core processor............................................................................................................. 68 CACHE......................................................................................................................................... 68 32 BIT vs. 64 BIT PROCESSORS............................................................................................... 69 32 BIT Processor Architecture.............................................................................................. 69 64 BIT Processor Architecture.............................................................................................. 69 CPU AND CASE FANS....................................................................................................... 70 CPU fan................................................................................................................................. 70 Case Fan................................................................................................................................ 70 Case mount............................................................................................................................ 70 LIQUID COOLING SYSTEMS................................................................................................... 71 Advantages of Using Liquid Cooling ................................................................................... 71 Thermal compound ............................................................................................................... 72 PROJECTORS.............................................................................................................................. 73 Terms associated with LCD Displays................................................................................... 74GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 3 Guide to monitor technology: resolutions, panel types, refresh rates................................... 75 Choosing the correct resolution ............................................................................................ 76 Ultrawide, multi-monitor, and doublewide options.............................................................. 77 Panel technologies ................................................................................................................ 79 IPS: the professional's choice ............................................................................................... 81 IPS variants: PLS, AHVA, elPS, and more .......................................................................... 82 VA: the middle man.............................................................................................................. 82 OLED: the future is now....................................................................................................... 83 Refresh rates, motion blur and strobed backlights................................................................ 84 Tearing and synchronization................................................................................................. 85 Input latency.......................................................................................................................... 86 HDMI (HIGH-DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE) .................................................... 87 Video Display Standards: ..................................................................................................... 88 Refresh rate ........................................................................................................................... 90 Multi-monitor........................................................................................................................ 91 Installing and configuring peripherals and input devices............................................................. 92 Mouse.................................................................................................................................... 92 Keyboards............................................................................................................................. 93 Speciality devices.......................................................................................................................... 94 BIOMETRIC DEVICES....................................................................................................... 94 TOUCH SCREENS .............................................................................................................. 95 BAR-CODE READERS....................................................................................................... 95 KVM SWITCH..................................................................................................................... 96 FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF ADAPTER CARDS ................................................................. 97 Video adapter........................................................................................................................ 97 PCIe............................................................................................................................................... 97 I/O INTERFACES........................................................................................................................ 98 USB Type A.......................................................................................................................... 99 USB Type B.......................................................................................................................... 99 USB Type C.......................................................................................................................... 99 USB Mini B ........................................................................................................................ 100 USB Micro B ...................................................................................................................... 100 USB 3.0 Type A.................................................................................................................. 101GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 4 USB 3.0 Type B.................................................................................................................. 101 USB 3.0 Micro B ................................................................................................................ 101 USB 3.0 Internai Connector (20 Pin).................................................................................. 102 USB 3.1 Internal Connector................................................................................................ 102 LAPTOP COMPONENTS AND FEATURES .......................................................................... 103 Introduction:........................................................................................................................ 103 Bluetooth............................................................................................................................. 107 Cellular WAN ..................................................................................................................... 107 Laptop power and electrical devices........................................................................................... 108 Power: ................................................................................................................................. 108 Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries.................................................................................... 108 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries .......................................................................... 108 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion)........................................................................................................... 108 LAPTOP POWER STATES....................................................................................................... 109 Stand by .............................................................................................................................. 109 Hibernate............................................................................................................................. 109 INPUT DEVICES............................................................................................................... 110 PRINTER TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................... 112 INKJET PRINTERS ........................................................................................................... 112 Inside an Inkjet Printer........................................................................................................ 113 Paper feed assembly:........................................................................................................... 114 Heat vs. Vibration ............................................................................................................... 114 The Printing process. .......................................................................................................... 115 Paper and Ink ...................................................................................................................... 116 LASER PRINTERS.................................................................................................................... 119 INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING PRINTERS................................................................... 121 TROUBLESHOOTING THEORY ............................................................................................ 122 Common hardware and operating system symptoms and their causes....................................... 123 Bluescreen........................................................................................................................... 123 System lock-up.................................................................................................................... 123 Application installation errors............................................................................................. 123 Application will not start .................................................................................................... 123 Windows specific printing problems.................................................................................. 124GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 5 Incorrect or incompatible driver ......................................................................................... 124 Incorrect port....................................................................................................................... 124 HARDWARE RELATED SYMPTOMS ................................................................................... 125 USER DOCUMENTATION AND RESOURCES .................................................................... 128 Troubleshooting methods and tools for printers................................................................. 129 Managing the print spooler................................................................................................. 129 Printing a test page.............................................................................................................. 129 Diagnosing laptop issues..................................................................................................... 130 Power issues........................................................................................................................ 130 Video Difficulties................................................................................................................ 130 Input Problems.................................................................................................................... 131 Network Troubles ............................................................................................................... 132 UNDERSTANDING PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE..................................................... 133 MANAGING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT................................................................... 133 Inspecting the environment................................................................................................. 133 Cleaning computers ............................................................................................................ 133 Maintaining Power...................................................................................................................... 135 Running updates.................................................................................................................. 136 Updating Windows ............................................................................................................. 136 Here’s an overview of how Windows Update works: ........................................................ 137 UPDATING DRIVERS.............................................................................................................. 137 Updating Firmware ............................................................................................................. 138 Updating Security ............................................................................................................... 138 Identifying Security Problem Area ..................................................................................... 138 Policies and procedures....................................................................................................... 139 Guarding against Viruses.................................................................................................... 139 USING DISK MANAGEMENT TOOLS .................................................................................. 140 Disk Defragmenter.............................................................................................................. 140 Backing up Data and Creating Restore Points.................................................................... 141 Scheduling Backups............................................................................................................ 141 BIOS SETTINGS........................................................................................................................ 142 UEFI BIOS................................................................................................................................. 142 What are the BIOS settings?............................................................................................... 142GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 6 How to access the BIOS settings within windows ........................................................... 142 INSTALLATION GUIDES....................................................................................................... 143 How To Install a Motherboard?......................................................................................... 143 Step 1 .................................................................................................................................. 143 Step 2 ................................................................................................................................. 144 Step 3.................................................................................................................................. 144 Step 4 ................................................................................................................................. 144 Step 5.................................................................................................................................. 145 AMD AM4 Processors.......................................................................................................... 147 CPU INSTALLATION II...................................................................................................... 148 PGA CPU ............................................................................................................................... 149 LGA CPU................................................................................................................................ 149 HOW TO INSTALL AN LGA775 INTEL® PROCESSOR IN THE LGA775 SOCKET .... 150 HOW TO INSTALL HARD DRIVE?...................................................................................... 157 Step 1 .................................................................................................................................. 157 Step 2 ................................................................................................................................. 157 THE COMPUTER GRAPHICS CARD ................................................................................... 158 Video Card GPU ................................................................................................................... 159 VRAM Memory..................................................................................................................... 159 Video Card Connectors........................................................................................................ 160 VIDEO CARD TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................................................... 160 How To Install a Video Card?............................................................................................. 161 Step 1 .................................................................................................................................. 161 Step 2 ................................................................................................................................. 161 Step 3.................................................................................................................................. 162 OPTICAL DRIVES.................................................................................................................... 163 How A CD DVD Drive Works And What It Can Do? ...................................................... 163 What Are DVD- And DVD+? .............................................................................................. 163 OPTICAL DRIVES MEDIA TYPES........................................................................................ 164 THE EXPANSION BUS........................................................................................................... 165 Expansion Bus Speed .......................................................................................................... 165 Interrupts.............................................................................................................................. 165 COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS MODULE PART II ................................................ 166GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7 OPERATING SYSTEMS.......................................................................................................... 167 Managing The PC ................................................................................................................. 168 Protection and Security ....................................................................................................... 168 Differences Between Operating System Platforms.......................................................... 171 OS COMPONENTS .................................................................................................................. 172 Core Services......................................................................................................................... 172 File System ............................................................................................................................ 172 COMPUTER NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS...................................................................... 232 WIRED/WIRELESS NETWORKING ................................................................................... 232 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS)...................................................................................... 233 WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS)...................................................................................... 233 NETWORK DESIGN................................................................................................................ 233 CLIENT SERVER NETWORKS ............................................................................................. 234 Client and Server Devices ................................................................................................... 234 Client-Server Applications.................................................................................................. 234 Local Client-Server Networks............................................................................................. 235 Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models ................................................................ 235 Introduction to peer-to-peer networks ................................................................................. 235 Topology in Network Design .............................................................................................. 237 Bus Topology......................................................................................................................... 237 Ring Topology....................................................................................................................... 238 Star Topology........................................................................................................................ 239 Tree Topology ....................................................................................................................... 239 Mesh Topology ..................................................................................................................... 240 TCP/IP TRANSMISSON CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL ................. 242 UDP............................................................................................................................................ 242 HTTP.......................................................................................................................................... 242 FTP ......................................................................................................................................... 243 NETWORK CABLES................................................................................................................ 243 Twisted-Pair ......................................................................................................................... 243 Coaxial Cabling.................................................................................................................... 244 FIBER OPTIC CABLE TECHNOLOGY................................................................................. 244 ST............................................................................................................................................ 244GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 8 SC............................................................................................................................................ 245 LC............................................................................................................................................ 245 NETWORK EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................... 245 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)................................................................................. 246 HUB............................................................................................................................................ 246 Working With Ethernet Hubs ............................................................................................ 246 Characteristics of Ethernet Hubs....................................................................................... 247 SWITCH (ETHERNET SWITCH).......................................................................................... 247 ROUTERS.................................................................................................................................. 248 WIRELESS NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................. 249 Wireless Networks............................................................................................................... 249 Wireless standards ............................................................................................................... 249 802.11......................................................................................................................................... 250 802.11b....................................................................................................................................... 250 802.11a....................................................................................................................................... 250 802.11g....................................................................................................................................... 251 802.11n....................................................................................................................................... 251 802.11ac ................................................................................................................................. 251 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL).................................................................................... 252 STEPS IN ETHERNET CABLE MAKING............................................................................... 253 NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES –............................................................................................ 263 TCP –Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol................................................. 264 IPv4 Addressing Notation................................................................................................... 273 ADDRESSING TECHNOLOGIES.......................................................................................... 276 ADDRESSING SCHEMES ...................................................................................................... 276 Private Addressing ............................................................................................................... 279 Classless Inter-domain routing (CIDR)............................................................................ 280 NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION ( NAT).................................................................. 281 NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................... 282 LINK STATE PROTOCOLS .................................................................................................... 282 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)....................................................................................... 282 BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL (BGP) ........................................................................ 283 EIGRP .................................................................................................................................... 283GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 9 IGP.......................................................................................................................................... 284 EGP......................................................................................................................................... 284 STATIC VS. DYNAMIC ROUTING........................................................................................ 284 Difference Between Static and Dynamic Routing ........................................................... 284 Next Hop ............................................................................................................................... 285 ROUTING TABLES.................................................................................................................. 285 Contents of routing tables................................................................................................... 287 Convergence.......................................................................................................................... 288 COMPARING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION STANDARDS ............................................................................................................................ 289 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac ................................................................................................................ 289 AUTHENTICATION AND ENCRYPTION ........................................................................... 289 WPA ........................................................................................................................................... 295 WEP............................................................................................................................................ 296 RADIUS ..................................................................................................................................... 296 TKIP ........................................................................................................................................... 296 Frame relay ........................................................................................................................... 297 ADSL ...................................................................................................................................... 298 CABLE MODEM....................................................................................................................... 298 SATELLITE............................................................................................................................... 299 OC............................................................................................................................................... 299 CATEGORIES OF LAN TECHNOLOGY TYPES AND PROPERTIES .............................. 308 Ethernet................................................................................................................................. 309 10BaseT.................................................................................................................................. 309 100BaseTX ............................................................................................................................ 309 100BaseFX ............................................................................................................................ 310 1000BaseT............................................................................................................................. 310 1000BaseX ............................................................................................................................ 310 10GBASE SR ......................................................................................................................... 310 10 GBASE LR ........................................................................................................................ 310 10GBASE ER......................................................................................................................... 311 10GASE T .............................................................................................................................. 311 CSMA/CD.............................................................................................................................. 311GRADE II TECHNICIANS COURSE 2020-01 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10 Packet Collision .................................................................................................................... 311 Broadcast............................................................................................................................... 312 Bonding.................................................................................................................................. 312 Peer to peer ........................................................................................................................... 312 Client/server ......................................................................................................................... 312 VPN ........................................................................................................................................ 313 VLAN...................................................................................................................................... 313 INSTALLING COMPONENTS OF WIRING DISTRIBUTION......................................... 313 Patch Panel............................................................................................................................ 313 Cross Connects, MDF, and IDF.......................................................................................... 314 Demarc................................................................................................................................... 316 Punchdown block ..................................................................................................................... 316 HUB............................................................................................................................................ 318 REPEATER ............................................................................................................................... 320 NIC ............................................................................................................................................. 320 MEDIA CONVERTERS ........................................................................................................... 321 BASIC SWITCH ........................................................................................................................ 321 BRIDGE..................................................................................................................................... 322 WIRELESS ACCESS POINT................................................................................................... 323 ROUTER.................................................................................................................................... 324 FIREWALL................................................................................................................................ 324 DHCP Server............................................................................................................................. 325 CSU/DSU................................................................................................................................... 330 PoE ......................................................................................................................................... 331 Spanning Tree....................................................................................................................... 331 VLAN...................................................................................................................................... 332 Trunking................................................................................................................................ 333 Port Mirroring ...................................................................................................................... 334 Port Authentication ............................................................................................................. 335 Implementing a basic wireless network................................................................................ 336 OSI REFERENCE MODEL..................................................................................................... 339 Explaining different methods and rationales for network performance optimization.. 345 Implementing the following network troubleshooting methodology............................... 351