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Transportation 31
Transport system in organisms
Blood circulatory system
Human blood
Transport system in plants
Blood circulatory system in animals and transport system in plants
Let’s study
What is the transport system
in organisms?
What are the components,
constituents and blood groups
of humans?
What factors affect the rate
of transpiration in plants?
Chapter
3
Chapter p
78In 1966, a science fiction film ‘Fantastic Voyage’ attracted the
interest of many viewers including scientists!
In this film, a team of medical personnel is put into a
submarine which is reduced to microscopic size (size of a red
blood cell) for an hour using the technological creation of
scientist, Jan Benes. This submarine is then injected into the
blood circulatory system in Jan Benes’s body to eliminate a
blood clot in his brain using laser.
The submarine in Jan Benes’s blood circulatory system
needs to travel through the heart, lungs and other parts of the
body before reaching the blood clot in his brain. Can the blood
clot be eliminated using laser in one hour? Is there a possibility
of this film being classified as a science documentary film in the
future? Why?
Heart Antibody
Artery Transpiration
Vein Guttation
Capillary Xylem
Antigen Phloem
Keywords
Science Gallery
79Photograph 3.1 Klang Valley Rail Transit Map
Have you ever used the Klang Valley
Rail Transit Map as shown in
Photograph 3.1 to plan your trip?
What is the importance of a
transit route network in the
public transport system?
Why is KL Sentral known
as the ‘heart’ of the transit
route network?
Compare and contrast the
public transport system
with the transport system
in organisms.
RIFQI
AIN
3.1 Transport System in Organisms
80Xylem
Amoeba sp.
Euglena sp.
Paramecium sp.
Stoma Phloem
Phloem Xylem
Xylem
Phloem
(a) Human (b) Plant
E
Heart Blood
vessels
Need for Transport System in Organisms
Every cell needs oxygen for cell respiration and nutrients to obtain energy. At the same time,
carbon dioxide and other waste products produced by cells need to be eliminated to the
external environment. The process of carrying oxygen, nutrients and other useful substances
from the external environment into the cells is through diffusion. The process of eliminating
waste products from the cells is also through diffusion. What is the system that carries useful
substances to all parts of the body of an organism and eliminates
waste products from the body?
Photograph 3.2 Examples of
unicellular organisms
Figure 3.1 Examples of complex organisms with specialised transport system
The process of exchange of substances needed by cells and waste products between complex
organisms and the external environment (via diffusion) occurs slowly and not comprehensively
because complex organisms have a large volume. Therefore, complex organisms need to have a
specialised transport system. Through this specialised transport system, oxygen and nutrients
can be carried to all the body cells in complex organisms and waste products can be eliminated
from all the body cells to the external environment.
Transport System in Simple Organisms
Simple organisms such as unicellular organisms
(Photograph 3.2) do not have a specialised transport system.
Substances needed by cells such as oxygen and nutrients enter
directly into cells via diffusion through the cell membrane. Waste
products such as carbon dioxide are also eliminated from cells to
the external environment via diffusion through the cell membrane.
Transport System in Complex Organisms
Complex organisms such as humans, vertebrates and
multicellular plants have a specialised transport system as
shown in Figure 3.1.
Chapter 3: Transportation
3.1.1 3.1.2 81Transport system eliminates toxic waste products from the cells in organisms to the
external environment. Toxic waste products that fail to be eliminated from the cells
will poison and kill the organisms.
Transport system carries
substances needed by
cells such as oxygen and
nutrients that are used to
produce energy through
cellular respiration. This
energy is used for living
processes in organisms.
Transport system carries
substances needed by plant
cells such as mineral salts,
water and products of
photosynthesis to carry out all
living processes in plants.
Importance of
the function of
transport system
in organisms
Activity 3.1
To gather and share information on the need, function, importance
and impact of transport system in organisms
Instructions
1. Work in groups.
2. Gather and share information on the following:
(a) Need for transport system in organisms
(b) Function of transport system in organisms
(c) Importance of transport system in organisms
(d) The impact if transport system cannot function well
3. Discuss the shared information.
4. Present the findings of your group discussion using multimedia presentation such as
MS PowerPoint.
Formative Practice 3.1
Importance of the Function of Transport System in Organisms
The importance of the function and impact of transport system in organisms is as shown in
Figure 3.2.
1. What is the function of the transport system in organisms?
2. State two examples of substances needed by cells and two examples of waste products
that are eliminated from cells.
3. What is the importance of the function of transport system in organisms?
4. Explain the impact on organisms if the transport system in the organisms cannot
function well.
• ICS
• Discussion
activity
Figure 3.2 Importance of the function of transport system in organisms
82 3.1.3Activity 3.2
• CPS
• Discussion
activity
To compare and contrast the blood circulatory system in vertebrates
Instructions
1. Carry out active reading to compare and contrast the blood
circulatory system in vertebrates such as mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, birds and fish as shown in Figures 3.3 and 3.4.
Capillaries in gills
Capillaries in the body Capillaries in the body
Artery
Vein
Ventricle
Atrium Atrium
Heart Atrium
Heart
Capillaries in lungs
and skin
V
Artery
Vein
Atrium
Heart
Capillaries in gills
Capillaries in the body
Ventricle
(a) Fish (b) Amphibians
Figure 3.3
Blood Circulatory System in Vertebrates
Humans and all vertebrates such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and fish (complex
organisms) have a specialised transport system, that is the blood circulatory system. In the
blood circulatory system of all vertebrates, blood flows continuously in blood vessels to all parts
of the body in one complete cycle through the heart. However, there are significant differences
in the blood circulatory system among mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and fish. How
many times does the blood flow through the heart of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and
fish in one complete cycle to all parts of the body? What is the number of atria and ventricles
in the heart of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and fish? Carry out Activity 3.2 to find out
the differences.
3.2 Blood Circulatory System
Chapter 3: Transportation
3.2.1 83Figure 3.4
2. Complete the chart which shows a comparison of the blood circulatory systems of
vertebrates such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and fish.
Made up of
a system that
allows blood to
continuously flow
in blood vessels
through the heart
which pumps blood
to the whole body
and back to the
heart.
Similarities Differences
Mammals
and birds Fish Amphibians Reptiles
Blood circulatory system
of vertebrates
(d) Mammals and birds
Capillaries in the lungs
Capillaries in the body
Atrium Atrium
Ventricle Heart
Capillaries in the lungs
Capillaries in the body
Atrium Atrium
Ventricle Ventricle
Heart
um
t
t Atriu
ntricle Heart
trium
Capillaries in the body
A
ngs
m
Capillaries in the lun
um
Ventr
eart
Atr Atriu
Ventricle
He
rium A
gs
m
Capillaries in the lun
birds
dy
and b
o
d
bo
and
he b
(d) Mammals a Mammals Mammals a mmals a
th
(d) Mammals
in
(d)
Capillaries
(c) Reptiles
84 3.2.1Heart
Artery Vein
Blood Circulatory System in Humans
The human blood circulatory system involves the circulation of blood which is pumped from
an organ known as the heart to all parts of the body and specialised blood vessels, namely
arteries, capillaries and veins as shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5 Human blood circulatory system
• Human blood circulatory system
• Functions of blood circulatory
system
7(.,
:*(5
85
Chapter 3: Transportation
3.2.1 3.2.2Aorta
Superior vena cava
Semilunar valve
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Key:
Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary
veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Septum
Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valve
Figure 3.6 Longitudinal section of the human heart
Tricuspid valve
Function:
t "MMPXTUIFnPXPGCMPPEJOPOMZPOFEJSFDUJPOGSPNUIF right atrium to the right ventricle
Right atrium has thin muscular wall.
Functions:
t Deoxygenated blood from the whole body except the lungs enters the right atrium
through the superior and inferior vena cava
t 8IFOUIFright atrium contracts
deoxygenated blood is forced to flow into the
DIBNCFSCFMPXJU
OBNFMZUIFright ventricle
Right ventricle has thick muscular wall.
Function:
t 8IFOUIFSJHIUWFOUSJDMFDPOUSBDUT
EFPYZHFOBUFECMPPEJTGPSDFEUP
flow out into the pulmonary artery to be carried to the lungs
Structure and Functions of the Human Heart
The human heart has four chambers, that is two atria and two ventricles as shown in
Figures 3.6 and 3.7.
7(.,
:*(5
86 3.2.2SCIENCE INFO
The period of time for blood to
make one complete circulation
from the heart to all parts of the
body including the lungs and back
to the heart is approximately
1 minute!
Left
atrium Right
atrium
Left
ventricle Right
ventricle
Figure 3.7 Simple structure of the human heart
and circulation of blood through the heart
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Semilunar valves
Vena cava
Pulmonary
vein
Left atrium has thin muscular
wall.
Functions:
t Oxygenated blood from the
lungs enters the left atrium
through the pulmonary vein
t 8IFOUIFMFGUBUSJVNDPOUSBDUT
oxygenated blood is forced to
nPXJOUPUIFDIBNCFSCFMPXJU
namely the left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Function:
t "MMPXTUIFnPXPGCMPPEJOPOMZ
one direction from the left
atrium into the left ventricle
Semilunar valves
Function:
t 4FNJMVOBSWBMWFTBUUIF
pulmonary artery and aorta
ensure that blood flows only in
one direction and not back into
UIFWFOUSJDMFT
Left ventricle has the thickest
muscular wall.
Function:
t 8IFOUIFMFGUWFOUSJDMF
DPOUSBDUT
PYZHFOBUFECMPPEJT
forced to flow out into the aorta
to be carried to all parts of the
body except the lungs
Septum is the muscular wall
which separates the left side of
the heart from the right side of
the heart.
Function:
t 1SFWFOUTPYZHFOBUFECMPPE
from mixing with deoxygenated
blood
Chapter 3: Transportation
3.2.2 87