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Ministry of Agricultural Jihad Research, Education and Extension Organization of Agriculture National Plant Pests Research Institute Technical Management of Product Development Dr. Morteza Yari Nasab Dr. Davood Khorshidi, Dr. Mohammad Reza Nasiri Dr. Mehdi Tymourtash, Mohsen Imrani Engineer, Dr. Mohammad Mahdian (Member of the Scientific Board and Researcher of the National Plant Pests Research Institute) 0011Natsbat Journal of Management Studies, Volume 60 Technical management of product production /1 The publication right is reserved for the National Research Institute of Iran. Publications of the National Research Institute of Iran Technical management of product production:Journal title Morteza Yari Nasab, Mohammad Hossein Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Movahedi, Reza Khosrow, Morteza Yari Nasab:Authors Publications of the Rice Research Institute of Iran: Publisher Mohammad Reza Zandi, Shahram Soltani, Hossein Allahyar, Farzad Majidi, Bahman Amiri Rajai, Mohammad Reza Zandi: Scientific Secretary Mahdi Jalali: Literary Secretary Shahram Nabavi, Mohammad Zadeh, Fatemeh Farahmand: Page Layout Mohammad Reza Abbasi: Cover Design 0000: First Edition Copy 0000: Print Run 8000 Tomans: Price .Registered at the Information Technology and Agricultural Information Center under number 60006 and date 01/05/0000: Registration Number Postal Code: 00116-07035, P.O. Box: 0658, Rice Research Institute of Iran, 5 Kilometers of Tehran Road, Tash: Address http://berenj.areeo.ac.ir: Website, Tel: 00777610056, Fax: 00777610050 The responsibility for the accuracy of the content lies with the author. 2 / Unstable Virus Mutation Table of Contents Page Title 5 ........................................................................................................................................................ Introduction-1 5 ........................................................................................................................... Step 1: Site Selection-2 6 .................................................................................................................... Step 2: Site Preparation-3 6 ......................................................................................................................................... Tillage-1-3 6 .............................................................................................................................. Direct Sowing-2-3 7 ................................................................................................................. Step 3: Variety or Seed Selection-4 8 ......................................................... Some Characteristics and Recommendations of Common Commercial Varieties-1-4 8 ................................................................................................................... Step 4: Seed Preparation-5 8 ......................................................................................................... Soaking and Coating Seeds-1-5 9 .................................................................................................................... Seed Disinfection-2-5 9 ........................................................................... Seed Disinfection Method in Formalin Solution-1-2-5 11....................................................................................... Seed Disinfection Method Using Fungicide-2-2-5 11................................................................................................................... Storage in the Greenhouse-3-5 11.................................................................................................................. Seed Moistening and Mixing-4-5 11................................................................................Step 5: Seedling Management in Traditional Nursery-6 11............................................................................................................... Seed Quantity and Nursery Preparation-1-6 12........................................................................................................................................ Seed Density-2-6 12............................................................................................................................... Nursery Area-3-6 12................................................................................................................ Weed Control-4-6 12.......................................................................................................................... Plastic Cover-5-6 12......................................................................................................................................... Irrigation-6-6 13............................................................................................................................................. Watering-7-6 13........................................................................................................................................... Aeration-8-6 13............................................................................Step 6: Seedling Management in Transplanting Trays-7 13.............................................................................................................. Nursery Trays (Seedling Trays)-1-7 14...................................................................................................................... Seed Hardening-2-7 14........................................................................................................................ Seedling in Trays-3-7 14...................................................................................................... Seedling Emergence After Transplanting-4-7 15............................................................................................................................ Seedling Thinning-5-7 15...................................................................... Nursery Management in Terms of Temperature and Water-6-7 Technical Management of Rice Production /3 15...................................................................................................................................... Potassium-7-7 15.............................................................................................................. Use of Phosphorus Fertilizer-8-7 16.............................................................................................. Management of Diseases in the Rice House-9-7 17.....................................................................................................Cultivation in the Main Field: Step Seven-8 17............................................................................................................................Manual Weeding-1-8 17..........................................................................................................Weeding with a Weeder-2-8 18............................................................................................Management of Potassium in the Rice Border: Step Eight-9 18.................................................................................................................. Symptoms of Nitrogen Deficiency-1-9 19......................................................................... (Potassium) Effects of Excessive Nitrogen Consumption-2-9 21............................................................................ External Symptoms of Excessive Potassium Consumption-3-9 21.................................. External Symptoms of Phosphorus Deficiency in Rice and Its Effect on Plant Growth-4-9 21...............................External Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency in Rice and Its Effect on Plant Growth-5-9 22....................................External Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency in Rice and Its Effect on Plant Growth-6-9 23.....................................................................................................................Amount of Fertilizer Consumption-7-9 24...................................................................................................Fertilizer Consumption in Local Varieties-1-7-9 24............................................................................................Fertilizer Consumption in High-Yield Varieties-2-7-9 24............................................................................................. Important Points in Potassium Fertilizer Consumption-3-7-9 25............................................. Recommended Fertilizer Based on Expected Yield or Plant Need-4-7-9 26................................................................................................. Irrigation Management in Rice: Step Nine-11 26............................................................................................................................... Nursery Cultivation-1-11 26............................................................. (Dry Bed) Direct Seeding in Dry Bed-2-11 27....................................................................................................... Important Points in Rice Irrigation-3-11 28.......................................................................................................... Weed Control: Step Ten-11 28........................................................................................................................ Biological Control-1-11 28........................................................................................................................ Chemical Control-2-11 29........................................................................................................... Pest Control in Rice: Step Eleven-12 29.......................................................Control of Rice Stem Borer in the Seedling Preparation House-1-12 31..............(First and Second Rice Cultivation) Control of Rice Stem Borer in the Main Field-2-12 32.....................................................Important Points in Chemical Combat with Rice Stem Borer-3-12 33.............................................................................................Combat with Rice Green Leafhopper-4-12 33............................................................................................. Disease Control in Rice: Step Twelve-13 33.................................................................................................................. Rice Blast Disease-1-13 34......................................................................................... Management of Blast Disease in the Field-2-13 35......................................................................... (Sheath Blight) Leaf Sheath Rot Disease-3-13 4 / Key Points in Controlling Leaf Spot Disease of Narcissus 35........................................................... Key Points in Controlling Leaf Spot Disease of Narcissus-4-13 36.................................................................................................. Powdery Mildew of Rose-5-13 37.................................................................................. Factors Affecting Disease Severity and Development-6-13 37........................................... Key Points in Managing Powdery Mildew of Rose-7-13 37.........................................................................................................Rose Black Spot Disease-8-13 37.............................................................................................................................. Disease Symptoms-9-13 38..........................................Key Points in Managing and Combating Rose Black Spot Disease-11-13 39...................................................................................Leaf Spot Disease of Chrysanthemum-11-13 39...........................................................................................................................Disease Symptoms-12-13 39......................................................................................Favorable Conditions for Disease Occurrence-13-13 41.........................Key Points in Managing and Controlling Leaf Spot Disease of Chrysanthemum-14-13 41.................................................................................... Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease-15-13 41................................................................................................ Harvesting of Rose Product: Step Six-14 41........................................................................................................................... Hand Harvesting-1-14 41......................................................................................................................... Mechanical Harvesting-2-14 41...................................................................................... Key Points in Mechanical Harvesting of Rose-3-14 42.................................................................................................................. Processing of Rose: Step Four-15 42...............................................................................Drying, Sorting, and Packaging: Step Five-16 4 2................................................................................................................................................................. References Technical Management of Crop Production Plan /5 Introduction-0 Food security is affected by natural, economic, political, social, and cultural changes and infrastructure. These factors are covered, and given the existing conditions, it is capable of relying on domestic production advantages, self-sufficiency in utilizing resources for sustainable development, and the country's stability. In the long term, limited reliance on imports is considered a threat, as it leads to vulnerability in production and economic growth. The production plan can increase the value added and production of agricultural products. About 21% of the required protein and 2.4 million tons of food are supplied by livestock. Although Iran, as one of the Asian countries, has a competitive level of production compared to others, it lacks the high production of major countries like China. However, about 611 thousand hectares of agricultural land play a key role in determining food security and increasing national income. The main limiting factors include losses and inefficient use of agricultural land. Therefore, to overcome this major risk, it is necessary to improve the use of agricultural land for crop production. To achieve this goal, identifying production limitations and transferring knowledge and research findings to beneficiaries is essential. The present collection, under the title of crop production management, has been compiled to explain the basic and important points at various stages. It aims to present these in simple language step by step for researchers and beneficiaries, so that by studying it, they can understand the technical changes in crop production and apply them to increase production per unit area. Given the nature of the topic, it is possible to improve and update the content over time. Therefore, the need to use updated points is evident. Step 1: Site Selection-2 From the perspective of organic matter and basic nutrients for the consumer and consumption pattern, the soil should be fertile and rich in humus, with a suitable rotation of second-crop products and not poor. It should have an independent irrigation system and access to water, and be free from contamination. For crop cultivation, it is necessary to have agricultural lands with suitable slopes and access to agricultural organizations (Nasiri and Nik Khoj, 2012). Step 2: Land Preparation-3 Plowing-0-3 First, for the purpose of removing weeds and plant residues, plowing is done:First plowing Using light-weight tools like a moldboard plow or rotavators with low weight (maximum 45 cm depth) about two to three months before plowing. Using heavy machinery causes soil compaction. It is performed before plowing. 6 / Moderate virulence strain Several important points in the first stage:1. The best depth is 15 to 18 cm. 2. The first stage is performed in a north-south direction. 3. Approximately 3 to 7 days before drying, the field is irrigated. 4. In fields where second-crop products are planted, the first stage is carried out after harvesting the main crop, with a time interval. The second stage for land preparation for planting should be performed about three weeks before planting.Second stage:For better clod crushing, the second stage is recommended to be deeper. It is better performed with a roller and after planting, in a west-east direction and under humid conditions (Nazari and Kanjani, 2012). Leveling with a laser for uniform irrigation and uniform seed distribution.Leveling:This is usually done using a roller and leveling boards to smooth the land. It is necessary to break clods. The third stage is mainly after consuming base fertilizers to mix them completely with the soil, about two weeks after the second stage and before planting.Third stage:To prevent fertilizer loss through various methods, about one week before planting (Nazari and Kanjani, 2012).Direct seeding 2-3 In direct seeding with a moist bed, all stages of land preparation Direct seeding in moist beds:In the final stage of planting, germinated seeds are used throughout the field, similar to performed planting. This method is known as dry seeding in agriculture.Direct seeding in dry beds is carried out in soil with suitable moisture using furrowers or seed drills, without the need for irrigation and under dry farming conditions, in the first to third stages in dry soil (Figure 1). Direct culture on dry medium-Figure 0 Technical Management of Seed Production /7 Step 3 - Selection of Desired Cultivar:0 The desired seed, with a purity of at least 98%, a germination rate of at least 91%, and a contamination rate of less than 2%, along with information on the sample's growth period, nutritional requirements, and resistance to pests and diseases, must be provided. In the international arena, access to suitable seed production is a key factor. Farmers, who are active and interested, annually select a portion of their land and obtain the required seeds from reputable seed-producing companies, including service providers and others. However, based on technical recommendations, they proceed to produce seeds for their own consumption and for sale to other farmers. In this method, farmers cultivate all or part of their field at different stages of the growth period, considering cultivars outside the petri dish and other factors. In the collection stage, the crop is harvested by hand, and after separating the weed seeds, the moisture content of the crop is reduced to about 15%. Then, the harvested material is collected using manual tools or specific seed machines that have been previously prepared, and it is stored in a warehouse. Some Characteristics and Agricultural Recommendations for Seed Cultivars-0-0 115) Adan, (131) Khazar, (151) and (141) Talash and Shahd, Varieties:Height (111 to 115 cm) Fajr, Shoroudi, Koshki, and Sista, (115 to 121 days) Adan, Fajr, Shoroudi, (121 to 125 days) Shahd and Talash Varieties:Growth Period Length (from Planting to Harvest) (85 to 91 days) Koshki, (121 to 125 days) Shoroudi and Sista, (131 to 135 days) Khazar and (Very Good) Fajr and Shoroudi, Koshki and Sista, (Good) Khazar, (Excellent) Talash and Shahd Varieties:Quality (Medium) Adan, (4 to 5 tons/ha) Talash and Shahd Variety, (5.7 tons/ha) Fajr, Shoroudi, Koshki, Sista, Adan:Average Yield (45 to 51 kg per hectare) Khazar and Koshki, (5 to 6 tons/ha):Suitable Seed Amount in the Warehouse (21×21 cm with manual planting and 14×31 cm with machine planting) Talash and Shahd Varieties:Planting Distance (25×25 cm with manual planting and 16×31 cm) Fajr, Shoroudi, Koshki, Sista, Adan, Khazar, and Sista, (21×21 cm with manual planting and 12×31 cm with machine planting) Koshki, (with machine planting) Suitable Planting Date for All Cultivars in the First Planting and Different Regions of the Province:Planting Date Northern regions from 5 to 15 April. Planting is recommended from 5 to 21 April for the first planting with a machine.:Planting Date For local and modified cultivars, 3 to 4 plants or seeds per hill are suitable.:Number of Plants or Seeds per Hill (Nasiri and Nikzad, 2012) 8 / Compatible Virus Naraka Step 4: Seed Preparation-5 Seed soaking and coating-0-5 After extracting seeds from the fruit, seed soaking and coating are performed in a 15% salt solution. Initially, weak, hollow, rotten, pest-infested, and floating seeds on water are removed through multiple rounds of washing and salt solution treatment. Then, to separate seeds from the salt solution, the seeds are washed with 2-3 times the volume of warm water (at 2-3 times the seed volume) (Figure 2) (Narake et al., 1397). To prepare a 15% salt solution, 1.5 kg of common salt is dissolved in 11 liters of water Note: .(Figure 2, Step 1) The solution should be completely clear near the water surface Stages of seed soaking and coating in salt solution-Figure 6 Step 1: Preparation of 15% salt solution and floating of empty seeds on water - Step 2: Seed extraction in salt solution - Step 3: Collection and washing of extracted seeds and coating Seed disinfection-2-5 Disinfection method of seeds in fungicide solution-0-2-5 First, a suitable fungicide solution must be prepared according to the recommended duration for plant protection, such as Carbendazim (with 81% wettable powder), Thiram (with 75% wettable powder), Captan, Folpet, or Trifloxystrobin (15%). For example, to prepare a 2.5% solution of Thiram (with 75% wettable powder), 2 grams of this fungicide per 1000 grams of seed is dissolved in 151 ml of water for 111 grams of seed (Mani, 1397). A solution of 311 mg of Carbendazim (with 75% wettable powder) per 1000 grams of seed in 151 ml of water From the solution of NMC, a 4-stage multi-washable seed with clean water and high quality Technical management of bran product production /9 Seeds are then placed in this chlorpyrifos solution for 24 hours for storage. Water at a rate of 111 kg of seed per liter is suitable. (Stage 1, Figure 3) They are mixed well twice, during the seed soaking period in chlorpyrifos and (Mani, 1397) have been Stage 1- seed soaking in chlorpyrifos solution, stage 2- seed storage management with antifungal agent added. Antifungal stages of seed- Figure 7 With complete coverage with bran varieties for germination After seed antifungal treatment in chlorpyrifos solution, seeds for germination are transferred to a warm, moist place with complete coverage on a surface, and are placed at 27-31 degrees Celsius and 81% relative humidity. (Stage 2, Figure 3) They are placed in a suitable location.5-2-2 Antifungal method in liquid seed form For antifungal treatment of seeds with technical and standard chlorpyrifos, after steeping and drying the seeds, for soaking in water for 24 hours, water is completely drained from the seed storage tank and mixed with seeds in the desired manner for liquid seed treatment (at a rate of 131 g per 111 kg of seed). For uniform soaking of seeds with chlorpyrifos, the seeds can be placed in a conventional sprayer and sprayed uniformly, and this mixture must be at a sufficient rate for coverage and uniform spraying. For uniform soaking of seeds with chlorpyrifos, the mixture should be at a temperature of 31 degrees Celsius or more for several stages, then transferred to a suitable location with coverage for germination. (Figure 4) Then transferred to a warm, moist place for germination. (Khosravi et al., 1397) Stages 1 and 2. Liquid seed with chlorpyrifos- Figure 0 Spraying chlorpyrifos on seeds by wire-3 Stage of mixing and combining chlorpyrifos-4 Stage. With sprayer seeds