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Page 1 – Bricks, Beads and Bones Hello everyone. Aaj hum Class 12 History ke Chapter 1, “Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation” ke baare mein samjhenge. Harappan Civilisation ko Indus Valley Civilisation bhi kaha jata hai. Is civilisation ke baare mein humein mainly archaeological evidence se information milti hai. Archaeologists ne houses, pottery, ornaments, tools aur seals jaise objects ke through Harappan people ki life ko understand kiya hai. Harappan civilisation ki sabse distinctive objects mein se ek Harappan seal thi. Ye generally steatite, yani ek type ke stone, se banayi jaati thi. In seals par animals ke designs aur ek special script milti hai. Important baat ye hai ki Harappan script abhi tak completely decipher nahi hui hai. Harappan civilisation ka broad time period 6000 BCE se 1300 BCE tak mana gaya hai. Iske three main phases the—Early Harappan, Mature Harappan aur Late Harappan. Early Harappan phase 6000 se 2600 BCE tak tha. Mature Harappan phase 2600 se 1900 BCE tak tha, jo iska main urban aur prosperous phase tha. 1900 BCE ke baad Late Harappan phase shuru hua. Harappan civilisation ke remains present-day India aur Pakistan ke kai regions mein mile hain. Isliye ye ek very large geographical area mein spread hui civilisation thi. Aage hum dekhenge ki Harappan people ka food, agriculture, cities, drainage system, crafts, trade aur social life kaisi thi aur archaeologists in sab ke baare mein kaise information collect karte hain.Page 2 – Harappan Sites, Beginnings and Subsistence Ab hum Page 2 ko samajhte hain. Is page par sabse pehle humein Harappan Civilisation ke important archaeological sites ka map diya gaya hai. Harappan Civilisation ke 2000 se zyada archaeological sites discover kiye ja chuke hain. Inmein important sites hain—Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, Banawali aur Chanhudaro. Book ke according, paanch major cities identify ki gayi hain—Rakhigarhi, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Dholavira aur Ganweriwala. Baaki settlements different types ki thi, jaise agricultural villages, regional centres, ports aur manufacturing centres. Ab baat karte hain Beginnings ki. Mature Harappan Civilisation directly start nahi hui thi. Isse pehle bhi Early Harappan cultures exist karti thi. In settlements mein pottery, agriculture, pastoralism aur kuch craft activities ke evidence mile hain. Initially settlements small hoti thi aur large buildings almost nahi milte the. Archaeological evidence se pata chalta hai ki Harappan culture ki roots early farming communities mein thi, jo approximately 7000 BCE ke around exist karti thi. Dheere-dheere Early Harappan phase develop hua aur internal transformation ke through Mature Harappan urban civilisation develop hui. Next topic hai Subsistence Strategies. Subsistence ka matlab hai basic needs, especially food, ko fulfil karne ke methods. Harappan people different types ke plant and animal products ke saath fish bhi khate the. Archaeologists ne charred grains aur seeds ke remains discover kiye hain. In ancient plant remains ka study archaeobotanists karte hain. Isse humein Harappan people's food habits aur agriculture ke baare mein information milti hai.Ab yhaseeeerrr kato hhhh aaaa